Schools face challenge in harnessing digital transformation, EU study finds

A new study highlights the growing challenge schools face in leveraging the benefits of rapid digital transformation while safeguarding student well-being. The findings, published in the European Union’s Science for a Safer and Happier Digital Environment report and reviewed by the Heratsi Research Center, examine the impact of fast-evolving digital technologies and artificial intelligence on children and adolescents.

The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) conducted a comprehensive analysis of how digital tools influence health, well-being and educational outcomes. The report underscores that digital well-being extends beyond mitigating risks, encompassing positive outcomes such as enhanced digital skills, effective communication and equitable access to technological resources.

However, the study identifies significant risks associated with widespread technology use. Social media and online platforms expose young users to addiction, harmful content, cyberbullying and privacy threats. The emergence of generative AI introduces additional complexities, while increased screen time and exposure to misinformation further compound concerns.

More than 80% of young people in Europe engage with social media on a daily basis. The JRC found mounting evidence linking excessive use to adverse outcomes, including heightened anxiety and depression among 15-year-olds. Its interdisciplinary research also connects digital engagement with academic performance and overall well-being.

Cyberbullying remains a critical concern. In 2024, 14% of the 54,000 calls received by Safer Internet helplines in Europe were related to online harassment. Despite its prevalence, the EU lacks a unified definition of cyberbullying. The JRC suggests that establishing a common framework, alongside coordinated intervention programs and legal measures, could strengthen protections for young users.

The report further analyzes key factors shaping digital experiences, including platform design, user characteristics, time spent online and modes of engagement. It also reviews broader academic literature on social media, gaming, content moderation and technological features.

While digital tools and AI are transforming learning, they also introduce risks such as distraction, dependency, superficial learning and mental health challenges. As a result, schools must strike a balance between embracing innovation and preserving critical thinking, autonomy and deep comprehension.

The JRC recommends integrating well-being principles into digital education strategies, involving educators, school leaders, students and parents. It also calls for the promotion of transparent and explainable AI systems, alongside the incorporation of digital and AI literacy into curricula and teacher training programs.

The findings emphasize the urgent need for a balanced, evidence-based approach to digital education—one that maximizes opportunities while mitigating risks for the next generation.